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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Microsoft SQL Server</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">April 24, 1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1989-04-24</span>)</span>, as SQL Server 1.0</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">SQL Server 2022<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-deffdf33291d4ab1a91fe7b6c014d5d5a97ee974-v20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-deffdf33291d4ab1a91fe7b6c014d5d5a97ee974-v20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  (CU18 16.0.4185.3)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

/ 16 November 2022<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">16 November 2022</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lextrait_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lextrait-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows Server">Microsoft Windows Server</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish and Indonesian<sup id="cite_ref-Download_Microsoft_SQL_Server_2008_R2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Download_Microsoft_SQL_Server_2008_R2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">Relational database management system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/sql-server">www<wbr>.microsoft<wbr>.com<wbr>/sql-server</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Microsoft SQL Server</b> is a proprietary <a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> developed by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> using <a href="SQL" title="SQL">Structured Query Language</a> (SQL, often pronounced "sequel"). As a <a href="Database_server" title="Database server">database server</a>, it is a <a href="Software_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Software product">software product</a> with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other <a href="Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software applications</a>—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet). Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many <a href="Concurrent_user" title="Concurrent user">concurrent users</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="History of Microsoft SQL Server">History of Microsoft SQL Server</a></div>

<p>The history of Microsoft SQL Server begins with the first Microsoft SQL Server product—SQL Server 1.0, a <a href="16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> server for the <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> operating system in 1989—and extends to the current day. Its name is entirely descriptive, it being <i><a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a></i> software that responds to queries in the <i><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></i> language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milestones">Milestones</h3></div>

<ul><li>MS SQL Server for OS/2 began as a project to port <a href="Sybase_SQL_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybase SQL Server">Sybase SQL Server</a> onto OS/2 in 1989, by <a href="Sybase" title="Sybase">Sybase</a>, <a href="Ashton-Tate" title="Ashton-Tate">Ashton-Tate</a>, and <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.</li>

<li>SQL Server 4.2 for NT is released in 1993, marking the entry onto <a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>.</li>

<li>SQL Server 6.0 is released in 1995, marking the end of collaboration with Sybase; Sybase would continue developing their own variant of <i>SQL Server</i>, Sybase <a href="Adaptive_Server_Enterprise" title="Adaptive Server Enterprise">Adaptive Server Enterprise</a>, independently of Microsoft.</li>

<li>SQL Server 7.0 is released in 1998, marking the conversion of the source code from C to C++.</li>

<li>SQL Server 2000, released in 2000. SQL Server 2000 SQL Server 8 SQL Server 8.0 codename Shiloh Release date: 2000-11-30.</li>

<li>SQL Server 2005, released in 2005, finishes the complete revision of the old Sybase code into Microsoft code.</li>

<li>SQL Server 2008, released in 2008, supports hierarchical data, adds FILESTREAM and SPATIAL data types.</li>

<li>SQL Server 2012, released in 2012, adds columnar in-memory storage aka xVelocity.</li>

<li>SQL Server 2017, released in 2017, adds Linux support for these Linux platforms: <a href="Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>, <a href="SUSE_Linux_Enterprise_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise Server">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server</a>, <a href="Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> & <a href="Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker Engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>SQL Server 2019, released in 2019, adds Big Data Clusters, enhancements to the "Intelligent Database", enhanced monitoring features, updated developer experience, and updates/enhancements for Linux based installations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>SQL Server 2022, released in 2022.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currently">Currently</h3></div>

<p>As of January 2025, the following versions are supported by Microsoft:<sup id="cite_ref-SQL_Server_End_of_Support_Options_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL_Server_End_of_Support_Options-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>SQL Server 2016</li>

<li>SQL Server 2017</li>

<li>SQL Server 2019</li>

<li>SQL Server 2022</li></ul>

<p><br>

From SQL Server 2016 onward, the product is supported on x64 processors only and must have 1.4 GHz processor as a minimum, 2.0 GHz or faster is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-2016_Requirements_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_Requirements-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The current version is Microsoft SQL Server 2022, released November 16, 2022. The RTM version is 16.0.1000.6.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2></div>

<p>Microsoft makes SQL Server available in multiple editions, with different feature sets and targeting different users. These editions are:<sup id="cite_ref-Compare_Editions_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compare_Editions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_editions">Mainstream editions</h3></div>

<dl><dt>Enterprise</dt>

<dd>SQL Server Enterprise Edition includes both the core database engine and add-on services, with a range of tools for creating and managing a SQL Server cluster. It can manage databases as large as 524 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> and address 12 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> of memory and supports 640 logical processors (CPU cores).<sup id="cite_ref-Editions_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Editions-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Standard</dt>

<dd>SQL Server Standard edition includes the core database engine, along with the stand-alone services. It differs from Enterprise edition in that it supports fewer active instances (number of nodes in a cluster) and does not include some high-availability functions such as hot-add memory (allowing memory to be added while the server is still running), and parallel indexes.</dd>

<dd>SQL Server Web Edition is a low-<a href="Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">TCO</a> option for <a href="Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Web hosting</a>.</dd>

<dt>Business intelligence</dt>

<dd>Introduced in SQL Server 2012 and focusing on Self Service and Corporate Business Intelligence. It includes the Standard Edition capabilities and Business Intelligence tools: <a href="Power_Pivot" title="Power Pivot">Power Pivot</a>, Power View, the BI Semantic Model, Master Data Services, Data Quality Services and xVelocity in-memory analytics.<sup id="cite_ref-Performance_&_Scalability_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Performance_&_Scalability-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Workgroup</dt>

<dd>SQL Server Workgroup Edition includes the core database functionality but does not include the additional services. Note that this edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-download.microsoft.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-download.microsoft.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Express</dt>

<dd><a href="SQL_Server_Express" title="SQL Server Express">SQL Server Express</a> Edition is a scaled down, free edition of SQL Server, which includes the core database engine. While there are no limitations on the number of databases or users supported, it is limited to using one processor, 1 GB memory and 10 GB database files (4 GB database files prior to SQL Server Express 2008 R2).<sup id="cite_ref-Express_Database_Size_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express_Database_Size-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is intended as a replacement for <a href="MSDE" title="MSDE">MSDE</a>. Two additional editions provide a superset of features not in the original Express Edition. The first is <i>SQL Server Express with Tools</i>, which includes <a href="SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">SQL Server Management Studio</a> Basic. <i>SQL Server Express with Advanced Services</i> adds full-text search capability and reporting services.<sup id="cite_ref-Express_editions_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express_editions-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_editions">Specialized editions</h3></div>

<dl><dt>Azure</dt>

<dd><a href="Microsoft_Azure_SQL_Database" title="Microsoft Azure SQL Database">Microsoft Azure SQL Database</a> is the <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud-based</a> version of Microsoft SQL Server, presented as a <a href="Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">platform as a service</a> offering on <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>.</dd>

<dt>Azure MPP</dt>

<dd><a href="Azure_SQL_Data_Warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure SQL Data Warehouse">Azure SQL Data Warehouse</a> is the <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud-based</a> version of Microsoft SQL Server in a <a href="Massive_parallel_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive parallel processing">MPP</a> (massively parallel processing) architecture for analytics workloads, presented as a <a href="Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">platform as a service</a> offering on <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>.</dd>

<dt>Compact (SQL CE)</dt>

<dd>The <a href="SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">compact edition</a> is an embedded database engine. Unlike the other editions of SQL Server, the SQL CE engine is based on SQL Mobile (initially designed for use with hand-held devices) and does not share the same binaries. Due to its small size (1 MB DLL footprint), it has a markedly reduced feature set compared to the other editions. For example, it supports a subset of the standard data types, does not support stored procedures or Views or multiple-statement batches (among other limitations). It is limited to 4 GB maximum database size and cannot be run as a Windows service, Compact Edition must be hosted by the application using it. The 3.5 version includes support for ADO.NET Synchronization Services. SQL CE does not support ODBC connectivity, unlike SQL Server proper.</dd>

<dt>Developer</dt>

<dd>SQL Server Developer Edition includes the same features as SQL Server Enterprise Edition, but is limited by the license to be only used as a development and test system, and not as production server. Starting early 2016, Microsoft made this edition free of charge to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Developer_Edition_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Developer_Edition-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Embedded (SSEE)</dt>

<dd>SQL Server 2005 <a href="Windows_Internal_Database" title="Windows Internal Database">Embedded Edition</a> is a specially configured named instance of the SQL Server Express database engine which can be accessed only by certain Windows Services.</dd>

<dt>Evaluation</dt>

<dd>SQL Server Evaluation Edition, also known as the <i>Trial Edition</i>, has all the features of the Enterprise Edition, but is limited to 180 days, after which the tools will continue to run, but the server services will stop.<sup id="cite_ref-Trial_Software_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trial_Software-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Fast Track</dt>

<dd>SQL Server Fast Track is specifically for enterprise-scale data warehousing storage and business intelligence processing, and runs on reference-architecture hardware that is optimized for Fast Track.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Track_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Track-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>LocalDB</dt>

<dd>Introduced in SQL Server Express 2012, LocalDB is a minimal, on-demand, version of SQL Server that is designed for application developers.<sup id="cite_ref-LocalDB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocalDB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used as an embedded database.<sup id="cite_ref-localdbblog_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localdbblog-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Analytics Platform System (APS)</dt>

<dd>Formerly Parallel Data Warehouse (PDW) A <a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">massively parallel processing</a> (MPP) SQL Server appliance optimized for large-scale <a href="Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehousing</a> such as hundreds of terabytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Analytics_Platform_System_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analytics_Platform_System-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Datawarehouse Appliance Edition</dt>

<dd>Pre-installed and configured as part of an appliance in partnership with Dell & HP base on the Fast Track architecture. This edition does not include SQL Server Integration Services, Analysis Services, or Reporting Services. SQLCMD</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinued_editions">Discontinued editions</h3></div>

<dl><dt><a href="Microsoft_Data_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Data Engine">Microsoft Data Engine</a></dt>

<dd>Version 1.0 is based on SQL Server version 7.0.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, it was replaced by Microsoft SQL Server Data Engine.</dd>

<dt><a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server_Data_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft SQL Server Data Engine">Microsoft SQL Server Data Engine</a></dt>

<dd>Also called Desktop Engine, Desktop Edition, it is based on SQL Server 2000. Included with some versions of <a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a>, Microsoft development tools, and other editions of SQL Server.<sup id="cite_ref-sqlmag.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sqlmag.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intended for use with those management and development tools, it did not include any other GUI. Later, Microsoft also made available a web admin tool. After SQL Server 2000, it was replaced by SQL Server 2005 Express Edition.</dd>

<dt>Personal Edition</dt>

<dd>SQL Server 2000. Had workload or connection limits like MSDE, but no database size limit. Includes standard management tools. Intended for use as a mobile / disconnected proxy, licensed for use with SQL Server 2000 Standard edition.<sup id="cite_ref-sqlmag.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sqlmag.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to Standard Edition in SQL Server 2000, but Full-Text Search not working in Windows 98, transactional replication limited to subscriber.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Datacenter</dt>

<dd>SQL Server 2008 R2 Datacenter is a full-featured edition of SQL Server and is designed for datacenters that need high levels of application support and scalability. It supports 256 logical processors and virtually unlimited memory and comes with StreamInsight Premium edition.<sup id="cite_ref-StreamInsight_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StreamInsight-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Datacenter edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012; all of its features are available in SQL Server 2012 Enterprise Edition.<sup id="cite_ref-download.microsoft.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-download.microsoft.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt><a href="Windows_CE" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a> Edition</dt>

<dd>Introduced in SQL Server 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was replaced by SQL Server 2005 Mobile Edition.</dd>

<dt>SQL Server 2005 Mobile Edition</dt>

<dd>Replaced by SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition after 1 release.</dd>

<dt>SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition</dt>

<dd>Replaced by <a href="SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">SQL Server Compact</a> 3.5 after 1 release.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supplemental_packages">Supplemental packages</h2></div>

<p>Tools published by Microsoft include:

</p>

<ul><li>SQL Server 2000:</li></ul>

<dl><dd><ul><li>Samples:<sup id="cite_ref-ss2000addon_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss2000addon-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northwind and pubs Sample Databases, Updated Samples for SQL Server 2000.</li>

<li>Tools: Stress Testing and Performance Analysis tools (Read80Trace and OSTRESS), PSSDIAG Data Collection Utility, Notification services (up to service pack 1), Security Tools, Best Practices Analyzer 1.0, Reporting Services (up to Service Pack 2), Reporting Services Report Packs, SQL Server 2000 Driver for JDBC (up to service pack 3), SQLXML 3.0 (up to service pack 3).</li>

<li>Documentation:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SQL Server 2000 Books Online, SQL Server 2000 System Table Map, Resource Kit, SQL Server 2000 — Getting Started Guide.</li></ul></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

<p>The protocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that can be invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via a Microsoft-defined format, called <a href="Tabular_Data_Stream" title="Tabular Data Stream">Tabular Data Stream</a> (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer data between a database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their <a href="Sybase_SQL_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybase SQL Server">Sybase SQL Server</a> relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server, TDS packets can be encased in other physical transport dependent protocols, including <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">named pipes</a>, and <a href="Shared_memory_(interprocess_communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared memory (interprocess communication)">shared memory</a>. Consequently, access to SQL Server is available over these protocols. In addition, the SQL Server API is also exposed over <a href="Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_storage">Data storage</h2></div>

<p><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> is a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>, which is a collection of tables with <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">typed</a> columns. SQL Server supports different data types, including <a href="Primitive_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive type">primitive types</a> such as <i>Integer</i>, <i>Float</i>, <i>Decimal</i>, <i>Char</i> (including character strings), <i>Varchar</i> (variable length character strings), binary (for unstructured <a href="Binary_large_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary large object">blobs</a> of data), <i>Text</i> (for textual data) among others. The <a href="Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> of floats to integers uses either Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric Round Down (<i>fix</i>) depending on arguments: <code>SELECT Round(2.5, 0)</code> gives 3.

</p><p>Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types (UDTs) to be defined and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and views (called Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables, a database can also contain other objects including <a href="View_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="View (database)">views</a>, <a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedures</a>, <a href="Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">indexes</a> and <a href="Constraint_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constraint (database)">constraints</a>, along with a transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 2<sup>31</sup> objects, and can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 2<sup>60</sup> bytes (1 exabyte).<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data in the database are stored in primary data files with an extension <code>.mdf</code>. Secondary data files, identified with a <code>.ndf</code> extension, are used to allow the data of a single database to be spread across more than one file, and optionally across more than one file system. Log files are identified with the <code>.ldf</code> extension.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered <i>pages</i>, each 8 KB in size. A <i>page</i> is the basic unit of <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> for SQL Server operations. A page is marked with a 96-byte header which stores metadata about the page including the page number, page type, free space on the page and the ID of the object that owns it. The page type defines the data contained in the page. This data includes: data stored in the database, an index, an allocation map, which holds information about how pages are allocated to tables and indexes; and a change map which holds information about the changes made to other pages since last backup or logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While a page is the basic unit of an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an <i>extent</i> which consists of 8 pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent") or share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table cannot span more than one page, so is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data exceeds 8 KB and the row contains <i>varchar</i> or <i>varbinary</i> data, the data in those columns are moved to a new page (or possibly a sequence of pages, called an <i>allocation unit</i>) and replaced with a pointer to the data.<sup id="cite_ref-pages_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pages-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered 1 to n). The partition size is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A table is split into multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a <a href="Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">computer cluster</a>. Rows in each partition are stored in either <a href="B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a> or <a href="Heap_(data_structure)" title="Heap (data structure)">heap</a> structure. If the table has an associated, clustered <a href="Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">index</a> to allow fast retrieval of rows, the rows are stored in-order according to their index values, with a B-tree providing the index. The data is in the leaf node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the leaf data reachable from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not sorted according to the index keys. An indexed <a href="View_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="View (database)">view</a> has the same storage structure as an indexed table. A table without a clustered index is stored in an unordered heap structure. However, the table may have non-clustered indices to allow fast retrieval of rows. In some situations the heap structure has performance advantages over the clustered structure. Both heaps and B-trees can span multiple allocation units.<sup id="cite_ref-table_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-table-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buffer_management">Buffer management</h3></div>

<p>SQL Server <a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">buffers</a> pages in RAM to minimize disk I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-memory, and the set of all pages currently buffered is called the buffer cache. The amount of memory available to SQL Server decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer cache is managed by the <i>Buffer Manager</i>. Either reading from or writing to any page copies it to the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirected to the in-memory copy, rather than the on-disc version. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to disc, <a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous I/O</a> is used whereby the <a href="I/O_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O operation">I/O operation</a> is done in a background thread so that other operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written along with its <a href="Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> when it is written. When reading the page back, its checksum is computed again and matched with the stored version to ensure the page has not been damaged or tampered with in the meantime.<sup id="cite_ref-Buffer_Management_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffer_Management-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrency_and_locking">Concurrency and locking</h3></div>

<p>SQL Server allows multiple clients to use the same database concurrently. As such, it needs to control concurrent access to shared data, to ensure data integrity—when multiple clients update the same data, or clients attempt to read data that is in the process of being changed by another client. SQL Server provides two modes of concurrency control: <a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">pessimistic concurrency</a> and <a href="Optimistic_concurrency_control" title="Optimistic concurrency control">optimistic concurrency</a>. When pessimistic concurrency control is being used, SQL Server controls concurrent access by using locks. Locks can be either shared or exclusive. An exclusive lock grants the user exclusive access to the data—no other user can access the data as long as the lock is held. Shared locks are used when some data is being read—multiple users can read from data locked with a shared lock, but not acquire an exclusive lock. The latter would have to wait for all shared locks to be released.

</p><p>Locks can be applied on different levels of granularity—on entire tables, pages, or even on a per-row basis on tables. For indexes, it can either be on the entire index or on index leaves. The level of granularity to be used is defined on a per-database basis by the database administrator. While a fine-grained locking system allows more users to use the table or index simultaneously, it requires more resources, so it does not automatically yield higher performance. SQL Server also includes two more lightweight <a href="Mutual_exclusion" title="Mutual exclusion">mutual exclusion</a> solutions—latches and spinlocks—which are less robust than locks but are less resource intensive. SQL Server uses them for DMVs and other resources that are usually not busy. SQL Server also monitors all worker threads that acquire locks to ensure that they do not end up in <a href="Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">deadlocks</a>—in case they do, SQL Server takes remedial measures, which in many cases are to kill one of the threads entangled in a deadlock and roll back the transaction it started.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To implement locking, SQL Server contains the <i>Lock Manager</i>. The Lock Manager maintains an in-memory table that manages the database objects and locks, if any, on them along with other metadata about the lock. Access to any shared object is mediated by the lock manager, which either grants access to the resource or blocks it.

</p><p>SQL Server also provides the optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the <a href="Multiversion_concurrency_control" title="Multiversion concurrency control">multiversion concurrency control</a> used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row. Both the old as well as the new versions of the row are stored and maintained, though the old versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as <code>Tempdb</code>. When a row is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result in two different versions of the rows—both of them will be stored by the database, identified by their respective transaction IDs.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_retrieval_and_programmability">Data retrieval and programmability</h2></div>

<p>The main mode of retrieving data from a SQL Server database is <a href="Database_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Database query">querying</a> for it. The query is expressed using a variant of <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> called <a href="T-SQL" class="mw-redirect" title="T-SQL">T-SQL</a>, a dialect Microsoft SQL Server shares with <a href="Adaptive_Server_Enterprise" title="Adaptive Server Enterprise">Sybase SQL Server</a> due to its legacy. The query <a href="Declarative_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative programming language">declaratively</a> specifies what is to be retrieved. It is processed by the query processor, which figures out the sequence of steps that will be necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to execute a query is called a <a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">query plan</a>. There might be multiple ways to process the same query. For example, for a query that contains a <a href="Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">join</a> statement and a <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">select</a> statement, executing join on both the tables and then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting from each table and then executing the join, but result in different execution plans. In such case, SQL Server chooses the plan that is expected to yield the results in the shortest possible time. This is called <a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">query optimization</a> and is performed by the query processor itself.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SQL Server includes a cost-based query optimizer which tries to optimize on the cost, in terms of the resources it will take to execute the query. Given a query, then the query optimizer looks at the <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a>, the database statistics and the system load at that time. It then decides which sequence to access the tables referred in the query, which sequence to execute the operations and what access method to be used to access the tables. For example, if the table has an associated index, whether the index should be used or not: if the index is on a column which is not unique for most of the columns (low "selectivity"), it might not be worthwhile to use the index to access the data. Finally, it decides whether to execute the query <a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrently</a> or not. While a concurrent execution is more costly in terms of total processor time, because the execution is actually split to different processors might mean it will execute faster. Once a query plan is generated for a query, it is temporarily cached. For further invocations of the same query, the cached plan is used. Unused plans are discarded after some time.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Single_SQL_Statement_Processing_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Single_SQL_Statement_Processing-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SQL Server also allows <a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedures</a> to be defined. Stored procedures are parameterized T-SQL queries, that are stored in the server itself (and not issued by the client application as is the case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by the client as input parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined functions, and other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of times). They can be <a href="Access_control" title="Access control">selectively provided access to</a>. Unlike other queries, stored procedures have an associated name, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the code need not be sent from the client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces network traffic and somewhat improves performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Stored_Procedure_Basics_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stored_Procedure_Basics-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as necessary.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="T-SQL" class="mw-redirect" title="T-SQL">T-SQL</a></div>

<p>T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is Microsoft's proprietary <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural language</a> extension for SQL Server. It provides <a href="REPL" class="mw-redirect" title="REPL">REPL</a> (Read-Eval-Print-Loop) instructions that extend standard SQL's instruction set for Data Manipulation (<a href="Data_manipulation_language" title="Data manipulation language">DML</a>) and Data Definition (<a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">DDL</a>) instructions, including SQL Server-specific settings, security and database statistics management.

</p><p>It exposes keywords for the operations that can be performed on SQL Server, including creating and altering database schemas, entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring and managing the server itself. Client applications that consume data or manage the server will leverage SQL Server functionality by sending T-SQL queries and statements which are then processed by the server and results (or errors) returned to the client application. For this it exposes read-only tables from which server statistics can be read. Management functionality is exposed via system-defined stored procedures which can be invoked from T-SQL queries to perform the management operation. It is also possible to create linked Servers using T-SQL. Linked servers allow a single query to process operations performed on multiple servers.<sup id="cite_ref-Transact-SQL_Reference_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transact-SQL_Reference-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SQL_Server_Native_Client_(a.k.a._SNAC)">SQL Server Native Client (a.k.a. SNAC)</h3></div>

<p>SQL Server Native Client is the native client side data access <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> for Microsoft SQL Server, version 2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the <a href="Tabular_Data_Stream" title="Tabular Data Stream">Tabular Data Stream</a> implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session. SQL Server Native Client is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, including <a href="ActiveX_Data_Objects" title="ActiveX Data Objects">ADO</a> or <a href="OLE_DB" title="OLE DB">OLE DB</a>. The SQL Server Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data access layers.<sup id="cite_ref-SQL_Server_Native_Client_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL_Server_Native_Client-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On November 28, 2011, a preview release of the SQL Server <a href="ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a> driver for <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> was released.<sup id="cite_ref-ODBC_Driver_for_Linux_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODBC_Driver_for_Linux-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SQL_CLR" title="SQL CLR">SQL CLR</a></div>

<p>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes a component named <a href="SQL_CLR" title="SQL CLR">SQL CLR</a> ("Common Language Runtime") via which it integrates with <a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>. Unlike most other applications that use .NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">runtime</a>, i.e., memory, threading and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself, rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, <a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedures</a> and <a href="Trigger_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger (database)">triggers</a> can be written in any <a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed</a> <a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">.NET language</a>, including <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and <a href="VB.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="VB.NET">VB.NET</a>. <a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">Managed code</a> can also be used to define UDT's (<a href="User_defined_type" class="mw-redirect" title="User defined type">user defined types</a>), which can persist in the database. <a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">Managed code</a> is compiled to <a href="Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">CLI assemblies</a> and after being verified for <a href="Type_safety" title="Type safety">type safety</a>, registered at the database. After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-clroverview_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clroverview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only a subset of the <a href="Base_Class_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Base Class Library">Base Class Library</a> is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> functionality are not available.<sup id="cite_ref-clroverview_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clroverview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using the <a href="ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a> <a href="API" title="API">APIs</a> like any other <a href="Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed application</a> that accesses SQL Server data. However, doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing. To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code. Such connections are called context connections and are set by setting <code>context connection</code> parameter to <code>true</code> in the connection string. SQL Server also provides several other enhancements to the <a href="ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a> API, including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database. It also provides access to the XML features in SQL Server, including <a href="XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a> support. These enhancements are also available in T-SQL Procedures in consequence of the introduction of the new XML Datatype (query, value, nodes functions).<sup id="cite_ref-xmlsupport_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xmlsupport-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service">Service</h2></div>

<p>SQL Server also includes an assortment of add-on services. While these are not essential for the operation of the database system, they provide value added services on top of the core database management system. These services either run as a part of some SQL Server component or out-of-process as <a href="Windows_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Service">Windows Service</a> and presents their own <a href="API" title="API">API</a> to control and interact with them.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_Learning_Services">Machine Learning Services</h3></div>

<p>The SQL Server Machine Learning services operates within the SQL server instance, allowing people to do machine learning and data analytics without having to send data across the network or be limited by the memory of their own computers. The services come with Microsoft's R and Python distributions that contain commonly used packages for data science, along with some proprietary packages (e.g. <a href="Revoscalepy" title="Revoscalepy">revoscalepy</a>, <a href="RevoScaleR" title="RevoScaleR">RevoScaleR</a>, microsoftml) that can be used to create machine models at scale.

</p><p>Analysts can either configure their client machine to connect to a remote SQL server and push the script executions to it, or they can run a R or Python scripts as an external script inside a T-SQL query. The trained machine learning model can be stored inside a database and used for scoring.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_ML_services_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_ML_services-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_Broker">Service Broker</h3></div>

<p>Used inside an instance, programming environment. For cross-instance applications, Service Broker communicates over <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> and allows the different components to be synchronized, via exchange of messages. The Service Broker, which runs as a part of the database engine, provides a reliable messaging and <a href="Message_queuing" class="mw-redirect" title="Message queuing">message queuing</a> platform for SQL Server applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Service_Broker_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_Broker-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Service broker services consists of the following parts:<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_SQL_Server_2008_Service_Broker_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro_SQL_Server_2008_Service_Broker-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>message types</li>

<li>contracts</li>

<li>queues</li>

<li>service programs</li>

<li>routes</li></ul>

<p>The message type defines the data format used for the message. This can be an XML object, plain text or binary data, as well as a <a href="Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">null</a> message body for notifications. The contract defines which messages are used in an conversation between services and who can put messages in the queue. The queue acts as storage provider for the messages. They are internally implemented as tables by SQL Server, but do not support insert, update, or delete functionality. The service program receives and processes service broker messages. Usually the service program is implemented as <a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedure</a> or <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">CLR</a> application. Routes are network addresses where the service broker is located on the network.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_SQL_Server_2008_Service_Broker_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro_SQL_Server_2008_Service_Broker-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Also, service broker supports security features like network authentication (using <a href="NT_LAN_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="NT LAN Manager">NTLM</a>, <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>, or <a href="Authorization_certificate" title="Authorization certificate">authorization certificates</a>), integrity checking, and message <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_SQL_Server_2008_Service_Broker_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro_SQL_Server_2008_Service_Broker-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication_Services">Replication Services</h3></div>

<p>SQL Server Replication Services are used by SQL Server to replicate and synchronize database objects, either in entirety or a subset of the objects present, across replication agents, which might be other database servers across the network, or database caches on the client side. Replication Services follows a publisher/subscriber model, i.e., the changes are sent out by one database server ("publisher") and are received by others ("subscribers"). SQL Server supports three different types of replication:<sup id="cite_ref-Types_of_Replication_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Types_of_Replication-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>Transaction replication</dt>

<dd>Each transaction made to the publisher database (master database) is synced out to subscribers, who update their databases with the transaction. Transactional replication synchronizes databases in near real time.<sup id="cite_ref-Transactional_Replication_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transactional_Replication-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Merge replication</dt>

<dd>Changes made at both the publisher and subscriber databases are tracked, and periodically the changes are synchronized bi-directionally between the publisher and the subscribers. If the same data has been modified differently in both the publisher and the subscriber databases, synchronization will result in a conflict which has to be resolved, either manually or by using pre-defined policies.Rowguid needs to be configured on a column if merge replication is configured.<sup id="cite_ref-Merge_Replication_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merge_Replication-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Snapshot replication</dt>

<dd>Snapshot replication publishes a copy of the entire database (the then-snapshot of the data) and replicates out to the subscribers. Further changes to the snapshot are not tracked.<sup id="cite_ref-Snapshot_replication_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_replication-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_Services">Analysis Services</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SQL_Server_Analysis_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL Server Analysis Services">SQL Server Analysis Services</a></div>

<p>SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) adds <a href="OLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="OLAP">OLAP</a> and <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> capabilities for SQL Server databases. The OLAP engine supports <a href="MOLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="MOLAP">MOLAP</a>, <a href="ROLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ROLAP">ROLAP</a> and <a href="HOLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="HOLAP">HOLAP</a> storage modes for data. Analysis Services supports the <a href="XMLA" class="mw-redirect" title="XMLA">XML for Analysis</a> standard as the underlying communication protocol. The cube data can be accessed using <a href="Multidimensional_Expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidimensional Expressions">MDX</a> and LINQ<sup id="cite_ref-SSAS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSAS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> queries.<sup id="cite_ref-Analysis_Services_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analysis_Services-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Data mining specific functionality is exposed via the <a href="Data_Mining_Extensions" title="Data Mining Extensions">DMX</a> query language. Analysis Services includes various algorithms—<a href="Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">Decision trees</a>, clustering algorithm, <a href="Naive_Bayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Naive Bayes">Naive Bayes</a> algorithm, time series analysis, sequence clustering algorithm, linear and logistic <a href="Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a> analysis, and <a href="Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural networks</a>—for use in data mining.<sup id="cite_ref-Data_Mining_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_Mining-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reporting_Services">Reporting Services</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SQL_Server_Reporting_Services" title="SQL Server Reporting Services">SQL Server Reporting Services</a></div>

<p>SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) is a report generation environment for data gathered from SQL Server databases. It is administered via a web interface. Reporting services features a web services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications. Reports are created as <a href="Report_Definition_Language" title="Report Definition Language">RDL</a> files.<sup id="cite_ref-SQL_Server_Reporting_Services_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL_Server_Reporting_Services-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Reports can be designed using recent versions of <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> (Visual Studio.NET 2003, 2005, and 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Reporting_Services_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reporting_Services-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Business Intelligence Development Studio, installed or with the included Report Builder. Once created, RDL files can be rendered in a variety of formats,<sup id="cite_ref-Render_Method_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Render_Method-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Device_Information_Settings_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Device_Information_Settings-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Excel, <a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>, <a href="Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>, <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a>, <a href="Windows_Metafile" title="Windows Metafile">EMF</a>, <a href="GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a>, <a href="JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a>, and <a href="TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Image_Device_Information_Settings_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Image_Device_Information_Settings-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and HTML Web Archive.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notification_Services">Notification Services</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SQL_Server_Notification_Services" title="SQL Server Notification Services">SQL Server Notification Services</a></div>

<p>Originally introduced as a post-release add-on for SQL Server 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-Notification_Services_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notification_Services-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notification Services was bundled as part of the Microsoft SQL Server platform for the first and only time with SQL Server 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Removed_from_SQL_Server_2008_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Removed_from_SQL_Server_2008-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Discontinued_Functionality_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discontinued_Functionality-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SQL Server Notification Services is a mechanism for generating data-driven notifications, which are sent to Notification Services subscribers. A subscriber registers for a specific event or transaction (which is registered on the database server as a trigger); when the event occurs, Notification Services can use one of three methods to send a message to the subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event. These methods include SMTP, SOAP, or by writing to a file in the filesystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Introducing_SQL_Server_Notification_Services_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introducing_SQL_Server_Notification_Services-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notification Services was discontinued by Microsoft with the release of SQL Server 2008 in August 2008, and is no longer an officially supported component of the SQL Server database platform.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_Services">Integration Services</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SQL_Server_Integration_Services" title="SQL Server Integration Services">SQL Server Integration Services</a></div>

<p>SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) provides <a href="Extract%2C_transform%2C_load" title="Extract, transform, load">ETL</a> capabilities for SQL Server for <a href="Data_import" class="mw-redirect" title="Data import">data import</a>, <a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">data integration</a> and <a href="Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehousing</a> needs. Integration Services includes GUI tools to build <a href="Workflow" title="Workflow">workflows</a> such as extracting data from various sources, querying data, transforming data—including aggregation, de-duplication, de-/normalization and merging of data—and then exporting the transformed data into destination databases or files.<sup id="cite_ref-Integration_Services_Overview_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Integration_Services_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_Text_Search_Service">Full Text Search Service</h3></div>

<p>SQL Server Full Text Search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for unstructured text stored in SQL Server databases. The full text search index can be created on any column with character based text data. It allows for words to be searched for in the text columns. While it can be performed with the SQL <code>LIKE</code> operator, using SQL Server Full Text Search service can be more efficient. Full allows for inexact matching of the source string, indicated by a <i>Rank</i> value which can range from 0 to 1000—a higher rank means a more accurate match. It also allows linguistic matching ("inflectional search"), i.e., linguistic variants of a word (such as a verb in a different tense) will also be a match for a given word (but with a lower rank than an exact match). Proximity searches are also supported, i.e., if the words searched for do not occur in the sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other, they are also considered a match. T-SQL exposes special operators that can be used to access the FTS capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_to_Full-Text_Search_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_Full-Text_Search-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Querying_SQL_Server_using_Full-Text_Search_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Querying_SQL_Server_using_Full-Text_Search-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Full Text Search engine is divided into two processes: the <i>Filter Daemon</i> process (<code>msftefd.exe</code>) and the <i>Search</i> process (<code>msftesql.exe</code>). These processes interact with the SQL Server. The Search process includes the indexer (that creates the full text indexes) and the full text query processor. The indexer scans through text columns in the database. It can also index through binary columns, and use <a href="IFilter" title="IFilter">iFilters</a> to extract meaningful text from the binary blob (for example, when a <a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a database). The iFilters are hosted by the Filter Daemon process. Once the text is extracted, the Filter Daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer. The indexer filters out <i>noise words</i>, i.e., words like <i>A</i>, <i>And</i>, etc., which occur frequently and are not useful for search. With the remaining words, an <a href="Inverted_index" title="Inverted index">inverted index</a> is created, associating each word with the columns they were found in. SQL Server itself includes a <i>Gatherer</i> component that monitors changes to tables and invokes the indexer in case of updates.<sup id="cite_ref-fts_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fts-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When a full text query is received by the SQL Server query processor, it is handed over to the FTS query processor in the Search process. The FTS query processor breaks up the query into the constituent words, filters out the noise words, and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the linguistic variants for each word. The words are then queried against the inverted index and a rank of their accurateness is computed. The results are returned to the client via the SQL Server process.<sup id="cite_ref-fts_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fts-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SQLCMD">SQLCMD</h3></div>

<p>SQLCMD is a command line application that comes with Microsoft SQL Server, and exposes the management features of SQL Server. It allows SQL queries to be written and executed from the command prompt. It can also act as a <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> to create and run a set of SQL statements as a script. Such scripts are stored as a <code>.sql</code> file, and are used either for management of databases or to create the database schema during the deployment of a database.

</p><p>SQLCMD was introduced with SQL Server 2005 and has continued through SQL Server versions 2008, 2008 R2, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2019. Its predecessor for earlier versions was OSQL and ISQL, which were functionally equivalent as it pertains to T-SQL execution, and many of the command line parameters are identical, although SQLCMD adds extra versatility.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_Studio">Visual Studio</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a></div>

<p><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> includes native support for data programming with Microsoft SQL Server. It can be used to write and <a href="Debug_code" title="Debug code">debug code</a> to be executed by SQL CLR. It also includes a <i>data designer</i> that can be used to graphically create, view or edit database schemas. Queries can be created either visually or using code. SSMS 2008 onwards, provides <a href="Intellisense" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellisense">intellisense</a> for SQL queries as well.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SQL_Server_Management_Studio">SQL Server Management Studio</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">SQL Server Management Studio</a></div>

<p><a href="SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">SQL Server Management Studio</a> is a <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server.<sup id="cite_ref-Introducing_SQL_Server_Management_Studio_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introducing_SQL_Server_Management_Studio-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server Management Studio is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as <i>SQL Server Management Studio Express</i> (SSMSE).<sup id="cite_ref-SQL_Server_Management_Studio_Express_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL_Server_Management_Studio_Express-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server.<sup id="cite_ref-Using_Object_Explorer_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Using_Object_Explorer-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used to visually observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-SQL_Server_2005_Management_Tools_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL_Server_2005_Management_Tools-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SQL Server Management Studio can also be used to create a new database, alter any existing database schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries.<sup id="cite_ref-storageengine_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageengine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azure_Data_Studio">Azure Data Studio</h3></div>

<p>Azure Data Studio is a cross platform query editor available as an optional download. The tool allows users to write queries; export query results; commit SQL scripts to <a href="Git" title="Git">Git</a> repositories and perform basic server diagnostics. Azure Data Studio supports Windows, Mac and Linux systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_SQL_Operations_Studio_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_SQL_Operations_Studio-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It was released to General Availability in September 2018. Prior to release the preview version of the application was known as SQL Server Operations Studio.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_Intelligence_Development_Studio">Business Intelligence Development Studio</h3></div>

<p>Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) is the <a href="Integrated_Development_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Development Environment">IDE</a> from <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> used for developing data analysis and Business Intelligence solutions utilizing the Microsoft <a href="SQL_Server_Analysis_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL Server Analysis Services">SQL Server Analysis Services</a>, <a href="SQL_Server_Reporting_Services" title="SQL Server Reporting Services">Reporting Services</a> and <a href="SQL_Server_Integration_Services" title="SQL Server Integration Services">Integration Services</a>. It is based on the <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> development environment but is customized with the SQL Server services-specific extensions and project types, including tools, controls and projects for reports (using Reporting Services), <a href="OLAP_cube" title="OLAP cube">Cubes</a> and <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> structures (using Analysis Services).<sup id="cite_ref-Business_Intelligence_Development_Studio_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Business_Intelligence_Development_Studio-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For SQL Server 2012 and later, this IDE has been renamed SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT).

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">Comparison of relational database management systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_object%E2%80%93relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object–relational database management systems">Comparison of object–relational database management systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_data_modeling_tools" title="Comparison of data modeling tools">Comparison of data modeling tools</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">List of relational database management systems</a></li>

<li><a href="XLeratorDB" title="XLeratorDB">XLeratorDB</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Discontinued_Functionality-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Discontinued_Functionality_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms144231.aspx">"Discontinued Functionality in SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Introducing_SQL_Server_Notification_Services-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Introducing_SQL_Server_Notification_Services_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms166495.aspx">"Introducing SQL Server Notification Services"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Integration_Services_Overview-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Integration_Services_Overview_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms141263.aspx">"Integration Services Overview"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Introduction_to_Full-Text_Search-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_to_Full-Text_Search_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms142545.aspx">"Introduction to Full-Text Search"</a>. November 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Querying_SQL_Server_using_Full-Text_Search-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Querying_SQL_Server_using_Full-Text_Search_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms142559.aspx">"Querying SQL Server using Full-Text Search"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-fts-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fts_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fts_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms142541.aspx">"Full-Text Search Architecture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Introducing_SQL_Server_Management_Studio-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Introducing_SQL_Server_Management_Studio_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms174173.aspx">"MSDN: Introducing SQL Server Management Studio"</a>. Msdn.microsoft.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SQL_Server_Management_Studio_Express-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQL_Server_Management_Studio_Express_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=C243A5AE-4BD1-4E3D-94B8-5A0F62BF7796&displaylang=en">"SQL Server Management Studio Express"</a>. Microsoft.com. April 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Using_Object_Explorer-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Using_Object_Explorer_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173849.aspx">"MSDN: Using Object Explorer"</a>. Msdn.microsoft.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SQL_Server_2005_Management_Tools-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQL_Server_2005_Management_Tools_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqlmag.com/articles/index.cfm?articleid=46798&">"SQL Server 2005 Management Tools"</a>. Sqlmag.com. July 19, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Microsoft_SQL_Operations_Studio-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_SQL_Operations_Studio_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/sql-operations-studio/what-is">"What is Microsoft SQL Operations Studio (preview)?"</a>. docs.microsoft.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Business_Intelligence_Development_Studio-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Business_Intelligence_Development_Studio_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/hi-in/library/ms173767.aspx">"Introducing Business Intelligence Development Studio"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Lance Delano, Rajesh George et al. (2005). <i>Wrox's SQL Server 2005 Express Edition Starter Kit (Programmer to Programmer)</i>. <i>Microsoft Press</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7645-8923-7</bdi>.</li>

<li>Delaney, Kalen, et al. (2007). <i>Inside SQL Server 2005: Query Tuning and Optimization</i>. <i>Microsoft Press</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7356-2196-9</bdi>.</li>

<li>Ben-Gan, Itzik, et al. (2006). <i>Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: T-SQL Programming</i>. <i>Microsoft Press</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7356-2197-7</bdi>.</li>

<li>Klaus Elk (2018). <i>SQL Server with C#</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-7203-5867-2</bdi>.</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microsoft_SQL_Server" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/default">2nd official website at Microsoft TechNet</a></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Database_management_systems327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Armstrong's_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li>

<li><a href="Codd's_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li>

<li><a href="PACELC_design_principle" title="PACELC design principle">PACELC design principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li>

<li><a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li>

<li>Database storage</li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li>

<li><a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_development_tools271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_development_tools271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Microsoft development tools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development<br>environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express</a></li>

<li><a href="VSTS_Profiler" title="VSTS Profiler">Team System Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Applications" title="Visual Studio Tools for Applications">Tools for Applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Office" title="Visual Studio Tools for Office">Tools for Office</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Blend" title="Microsoft Blend">Blend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Expression_Web" title="Microsoft Expression Web">Expression Web</a></li>

<li><a href="FxCop" title="FxCop">FxCop</a></li>

<li><a href="GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_MACRO-80" title="Microsoft MACRO-80">MACRO-80</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Macro_Assembler" title="Microsoft Macro Assembler">Macro Assembler</a></li>

<li><a href="MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickBASIC" title="QuickBASIC">QuickBASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="QuickC" title="QuickC">QuickC</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Robotics_Developer_Studio" title="Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio">Robotics Developer Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_SharePoint_Designer" title="Microsoft SharePoint Designer">SharePoint Designer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_FrontPage" title="Microsoft FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_WebMatrix" title="Microsoft WebMatrix">WebMatrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_App_Studio" title="Windows App Studio">Windows App Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows_SDK" title="Microsoft Windows SDK">Windows SDK</a>

<ul><li><a href="CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="ILAsm" title="ILAsm">ILAsm</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_Image_Generator" title="Native Image Generator">Native Image Generator</a></li>

<li><a href="WinDiff" title="WinDiff">WinDiff</a></li>

<li><a href="XAMLPad" class="mw-redirect" title="XAMLPad">XAMLPad</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Dynamics_AX" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Dynamics AX">Dynamics AX</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">BASIC</a></li>

<li>Visual Basic

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">Visual C++</a>

<li><a href="Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed C++</a></li>

<li><a href="C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li>

<li><a href="Dexterity_(programming_language)" title="Dexterity (programming language)">Dexterity</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

<ul><li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>

<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">APIs and<br>frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>

<ul><li><a href="Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xbox_Development_Kit" title="Xbox Development Kit">Xbox Development Kit</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="WinUI" class="mw-redirect" title="WinUI">WinUI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Dynamic_Data" title="ASP.NET Dynamic Data">Dynamic Data</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">Web Forms</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Communication Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Identity_Foundation" title="Windows Identity Foundation">Identity Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Presentation Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">Workflow Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Windows_Hardware_Lab_Kit" title="Windows Hardware Lab Kit">Windows HLK</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Database</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SQL_Server_Express" title="SQL Server Express">Express</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">Compact</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">Management Studio</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">SQL services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Analysis_Services" title="Microsoft Analysis Services">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Reporting_Services" title="SQL Server Reporting Services">Reporting</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Integration_Services" title="SQL Server Integration Services">Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Notification_Services" title="SQL Server Notification Services">Notification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe" title="Microsoft Visual SourceSafe">Visual SourceSafe</a></li>

<li><a href="Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">Team Foundation Version Control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and<br>debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CodeView" title="CodeView">CodeView</a></li>

<li><a href="OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li>

<li><a href="Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Script_Debugger" title="Microsoft Script Debugger">Script Debugger</a></li>

<li><a href="WinDbg" title="WinDbg">WinDbg</a></li>

<li><a href="XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Setup" title="Active Setup">Active Setup</a></li>

<li><a href="ClickOnce" title="ClickOnce">ClickOnce</a></li>

<li><a href="NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Platform_Installer" title="Web Platform Installer">Web Platform Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a>

<li><a href="Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Corporation379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_Corporation379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Microsoft" title="History of Microsoft">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Microsoft" title="Outline of Microsoft">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (Chairman and CEO)</li>

<li><a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a></li>

<li>Hugh Johnston</li>

<li><a href="Catherine_MacGregor" title="Catherine MacGregor">Catherine MacGregor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Mason_(executive)" title="Mark Mason (executive)">Mark Mason</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandi_Peterson" title="Sandi Peterson">Sandi Peterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlos_A._Rodriguez" title="Carlos A. Rodriguez">Carlos A. Rodriguez</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Scharf" title="Charles Scharf">Charles Scharf</a></li>

<li><a href="John_W._Stanton" title="John W. Stanton">John W. Stanton</a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Walmsley" title="Emma Walmsley">Emma Walmsley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senior leadership team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (CEO)</li>

<li>Takeshi Numoto (CMO)</li>

<li><a href="Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolina_Dybeck_Happe" title="Carolina Dybeck Happe">Carolina Dybeck Happe</a> (COO)</li>

<li><a href="Kevin_Scott_(computer_scientist)" title="Kevin Scott (computer scientist)">Kevin Scott</a> (CTO)</li>

<li><a href="Brad_Smith_(American_lawyer)" title="Brad Smith (American lawyer)">Brad Smith</a> (CLO)</li>

<li><a href="Harry_Shum" title="Harry Shum">Harry Shum</a></li>

<li><a href="Phil_Spencer_(business_executive)" title="Phil Spencer (business executive)">Phil Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathleen_Hogan" title="Kathleen Hogan">Kathleen Hogan</a> (CPO)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate VPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joe_Belfiore" title="Joe Belfiore">Joe Belfiore</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a> (SVP)</li>

<li><a href="C%C3%A9sar_Cernuda" title="César Cernuda">César Cernuda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employee groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Global_LGBTQIA%2B_Employee_%26_Allies_at_Microsoft" title="Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft">Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_and_unions" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft and unions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azure_Kinect" title="Azure Kinect">Azure Kinect</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">HoloLens</a></li>

<li><a href="LifeCam" title="LifeCam">LifeCam</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Surface</a>

<li><a href="Surface_Laptop" title="Surface Laptop">Laptop</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_Laptop_Go" title="Surface Laptop Go">Laptop Go</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_Studio" title="Surface Studio">Studio</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Microsoft_software" title="List of Microsoft software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Dynamics_365" title="Microsoft Dynamics 365">Dynamics 365</a></li>

<li><a href="Havok_(software)" title="Havok (software)">Havok</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Open source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Platform" title="Microsoft Power Platform">Power Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Servers</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Microsoft_video_games" title="List of Microsoft video games">List of video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL a.k.a. Navision Attain</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">Visual J#</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Learn</a>

<ul><li><a href="Channel_9_(Microsoft)" title="Channel 9 (Microsoft)">Channel 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Developer Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>

<ul><li><a href="LinkedIn_Learning" title="LinkedIn Learning">LinkedIn Learning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Translator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Build" title="Microsoft Build">Build</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Ignite" title="Microsoft Ignite">Ignite</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Inspire" title="Microsoft Inspire">Inspire</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">WinHEC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href=".NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Digital_Crimes_Unit" title="Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit">Digital Crimes Unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_engineering_groups" title="Microsoft engineering groups">Engineering groups</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Gaming" title="Microsoft Gaming">Gaming</a>

<ul><li><a href="Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a></li>

<li><a href="Xbox_Game_Studios" title="Xbox Game Studios">Xbox Game Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Garage" title="Microsoft Garage">Garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Store_(retail)" title="Microsoft Store (retail)">Retail stores</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_campus" title="Microsoft campus">Microsoft campus</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_India" title="Microsoft India">Microsoft India</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Japan" title="Microsoft Japan">Microsoft Japan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Where_do_you_want_to_go_today%3F" title="Where do you want to go today?">Where do you want to go today?</a>" (1994)</li>

<li>"<a href="Champagne_(advertisement)" title="Champagne (advertisement)">Champagne</a>" (2002)</li>

<li>"<a href="Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a>" (2006)</li>

<li>"<a href="Scroogled" title="Scroogled">Scroogled</a>" (2012)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Bundling of Microsoft Windows">Bundling of Microsoft Windows</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Clippy</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Explorer#Security_vulnerabilities" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a></li>

<li><a href="NSAKEY" title="NSAKEY">_NSAKEY</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apple_Computer%2C_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple v. Microsoft</a></i> (1994)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="United States v. Microsoft Corp.">United States v. Microsoft</a></i> (2001)</li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._Lindows.com%2C_Inc." title="Microsoft Corp. v. Lindows.com, Inc.">Microsoft v. Lindows</a></i> (2004)</li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_v._MikeRoweSoft" title="Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft">Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft</a></i> (2004)</li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Commission">Microsoft v. Commission</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.">Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._Shah" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Shah">Microsoft v. Shah</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States" title="Microsoft Corp. v. United States">Microsoft v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Microsoft" title="FTC v. Microsoft">FTC v. Microsoft</a></i> (2022)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wunderlist" title="Wunderlist">6Wunderkinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Access_Software" title="Access Software">Access Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Acompli" title="Acompli">Acompli</a></li>

<li><a href="Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft" title="Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft">acquisition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Altamira_Software" title="Altamira Software">Altamira Software</a></li>

<li><a href="AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li>

<li><a href="AQuantive" title="AQuantive">aQuantive</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Amalga" title="Microsoft Amalga">Azyxxi</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Blue_Ribbon_SoundWorks" title="The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks">The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Colloquis" title="Colloquis">Colloquis</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsion_Games" title="Compulsion Games">Compulsion Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumers_Software" title="Consumers Software">Consumers Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Danger%2C_Inc." title="Danger, Inc.">Danger</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_Fine" title="Double Fine">Double Fine</a></li>

<li><a href="Farecast" title="Farecast">Farecast</a></li>

<li><a href="FASA_Studio" title="FASA Studio">FASA Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Development_Center_Norway" title="Microsoft Development Center Norway">Fast Search & Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefly_(website)" title="Firefly (website)">Firefly</a></li>

<li><a href="Forethought%2C_Inc." title="Forethought, Inc.">Forethought</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">GIANT Company Software</a></li>

<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Plains_Software" title="Great Plains Software">Great Plains Software</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li>

<li><a href="Groove_Networks" title="Groove Networks">Groove Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Havok_(company)" title="Havok (company)">Havok Group</a></li>

<li><i><a href="High_Heat_Major_League_Baseball" title="High Heat Major League Baseball">High Heat Major League Baseball</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Hotmail</a></li>

<li><a href="InXile_Entertainment" title="InXile Entertainment">inXile Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Jellyfish.com" title="Jellyfish.com">Jellyfish.com</a></li>

<li><a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li>

<li><a href="LinkExchange" title="LinkExchange">LinkExchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Lionhead_Studios" title="Lionhead Studios">Lionhead Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Maluuba" title="Maluuba">Maluuba</a></li>

<li><a href="Massive_Incorporated" title="Massive Incorporated">Massive Incorporated</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaswitch" title="Metaswitch">Metaswitch</a></li>

<li><a href="MileIQ" title="MileIQ">Mobile Data Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojang_Studios" title="Mojang Studios">Mojang Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Ninja_Theory" title="Ninja Theory">Ninja Theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Nokia Devices and Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Live_Toolbar#Onfolio" title="Windows Live Toolbar">Onfolio</a></li>

<li><a href="Pando_Networks" title="Pando Networks">Pando Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Perceptive_Pixel" title="Perceptive Pixel">Perceptive Pixel</a></li>

<li><a href="PlaceWare" title="PlaceWare">PlaceWare</a></li>

<li><a href="Playground_Games" title="Playground Games">Playground Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_Play_(company)" title="Press Play (company)">Press Play</a></li>

<li><a href="ProClarity" title="ProClarity">ProClarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="RiskIQ" title="RiskIQ">RiskIQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Simplygon" title="Simplygon">Simplygon</a></li>

<li><a href="Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunrise_Calendar" title="Sunrise Calendar">Sunrise Atelier</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_SwiftKey" title="Microsoft SwiftKey">SwiftKey</a></li>

<li><a href="TakeLessons" title="TakeLessons">TakeLessons</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleo" title="Teleo">Teleo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tellme_Networks" title="Tellme Networks">Tellme Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Twisted_Pixel_Games" title="Twisted Pixel Games">Twisted Pixel Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Undead_Labs" title="Undead Labs">Undead Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Vermeer_Technologies" title="Vermeer Technologies">Vermeer Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Visio_Corporation" title="Visio Corporation">Visio Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Flux_(graphics_software)" title="Flux (graphics software)">Vivaty</a></li>

<li><a href="VoloMetrix" title="VoloMetrix">VoloMetrix</a></li>

<li><a href="NetShow" title="NetShow">VXtreme</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">WebTV Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sysinternals" title="Sysinternals">Winternals Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Xandr" title="Xandr">Xandr</a>

<ul><li><a href="AppNexus" title="AppNexus">AppNexus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Yammer</a></li>

<li><a href="ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Microsoft_SQL_Server&oldid=1291916779">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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